abstract：:Management of acute lung injury (ALI) and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is largely supportive, with the use of mechanical ventilation being a central feature. Recent advances in the understanding of ALI/ARDS and mechanical ventilation have revealed that lung-protective ventilation strategies may atten...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Fan E,Stewart TE

更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Hispanic population in the United States is diverse in many respects. Although there is marked variation in the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of asthma among Hispanic subgroups in the United States, these differences are poorly understood. Future stu-dies of asthma should include large samples of Hispanic s...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Cohen RT,Celedón JC

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:HIV-AIDS has disproportionately affected minority populations in the United States. Significant disparities in case rates and mortality have been noted. This article reviews the magnitude of the problem and the many factors involved in the development and perpetuation of these disparities. Possible measures to help co...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Robles AM,Stringer HG Jr

更新日期：2006-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The most common causes for undiagnosed transudative effusions are congestive heart failure and hepatic hydrothorax. Pleural fluid N terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels higher than 1500 pg/mL are virtually diagnostic of congestive heart failure. The most common causes for undiagnosed exudative pleural effusio...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Light RW

更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Severe asthma remains poorly understood and frustrating to treat, partly because it is a heterogeneous disease. Recent improvements in the definition of severe asthma have allowed better characterization of the phenotypes of severe asthma and the related physiologic and pathologic abnormalities. Early-onset severe ast...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Wenzel S

更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains controversial. The benefits of conventional treatment with corticosteroids plus either azathioprine or cyclophosphamide have not been established in randomized, controlled trials. Other treatment strategies have been suggested as understanding of the pathoge...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Nathan SD

更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article reviews several important noninfectious pulmonary complications that threaten survival, pulmonary function, and quality of life after lung transplantation. Topics reviewed include primary graft dysfunction (PGD), native lung hyperinflation, anastomotic complications, phrenic nerve injury, pleural complica...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Ahya VN,Kawut SM

更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Millions of people worldwide engage in leisure or occupational activities in extreme environments. These environments entail health risks even for normal subjects. The presence of lung disease, or other conditions, further predisposes to illness or injury. Patients who have lung conditions should, but often do not, co...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Dillard TA,Khosla S,Ewald FW Jr,Kaleem MA

更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article reviews the basic principles of drug treatment of tuberculosis, individual pharmacologic agents, current treatment recommendations, and several special situations that clinicians are likely to encounter in medical practice. ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Sahbazian B,Weis SE

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The host response to microbial invasion in the lung must be sufficiently vigorous to allow for microbial eradication but appropriately controlled to prevent spillover of the response into the systemic circulation. Although inflammatory responses in pneumonia are generally compartmentalized, microbial and host factors ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Deng JC,Standiford TJ

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on the top ten causes of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), updating an earlier study. These pathogens have specific risk factors, different patterns of clinical resolution, and a wide range of attributable mortality. The discussion herein analyzes these aspects, placing particular emphasis on ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Rello J,Díaz E,Rodríguez A

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The combination of the unique pathologic features of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) on biopsy, the progressive clinical course, and resistance to anti-inflammatory therapy constitutes the cardinal manifestations of what is termed idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IFP)/usual interstitial pneumonia, and it has led to r...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Noble PW,Homer RJ

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) represents a group of immunologically mediated lung disorders provoked by recurrent exposure to various environmental agents. HP is multifaceted and may mimic almost any interstitial lung disease, some infectious diseases,and even bronchiolar disorders. In the absence of a diagnostic ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Selman M

更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pregnancy induces significant physiologic stresses on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems that may precipitate respiratory compromise. In addition, certain disease states that are unique to the pregnant woman, such as amniotic fluid emboli syndrome, may be associated with respiratory failure. The physiologic chan...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Pereira A,Krieger BP

更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several medications have been associated with the development of the BOOP lesion. Often, symptoms include nonproductive cough and shortness of breath with bilateral crackles by examination. Occasionally, there is fever and rash, and, rarely, eosinophilia. The chest radiograph usually shows bilateral patchy infiltrates...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Epler GR

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pulmonary complications occur in 40% to 60% of recipients of bone marrow trans-plants, account for more than 90% of mortality, and develop during identifiable phases. Phase 1 (Days 1-30) includes pulmonary edema; diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; and various bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; Phase 2 (Days 31-100) us...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Yen KT,Lee AS,Krowka MJ,Burger CD

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hemodynamic monitoring is a diagnostic tool. Because hemodynamic monitoring often requires invasive procedures, it can be associated with an increased incidence of untoward events. Like any diagnostic tool, its ability to improve outcome will be primarily related to the survival benefit enjoyed by specific therapies t...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Pinsky MR

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Delirium is a frequent complication in older patients in the ICU and often persists beyond their ICU stay. Delirium in older persons in the ICU is a dynamic and complex process. There is a high prevalence of pre-existing cognitive impairment in patients who are admitted to the medical ICU. This pre-existing cognitive ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Pisani MA,McNicoll L,Inouye SK

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In summary, long-term complications of artificial airways are rare but important sequelae of artificial airways. Many of the potential long-term complications of translaryngeal intubation and tracheotomy are similar and overlapping. Although most patients who undergo these procedures tend to tolerate them without diff...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Sue RD,Susanto I

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sleep-related breathing disorders are strongly associated with increased risk of stroke independent of known risk factors. The direction of causation favors sleep-disordered breathing leading to stroke rather than the other way around, although definitive proof of this awaits the results of prospective cohort studies....

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Yaggi H,Mohsenin V

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Nasal CPAP is and should be the first-line treatment for OSA. Any physician who uses nasal CPAP undoubtedly recognizes that this treatment modality has limitations, however. The authors believe that surgery offers a viable alternative to nasal CPAP in patients who are intolerant of nasal CPAP. Potential risks and comp...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Li KK

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pulmonary thromboembolism is a major cause of maternal mortality. DVT causes significant morbidity in pregnancy and in later life owing to the post-thrombotic syndrome. Obstetricians must have an understanding of the risk factors for VTE, the appropriate use of prophylaxis, the need for objective diagnosis in women wi...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Greer IA

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent events have underscored the importance of proper diagnosis and management of patients with inhalation injury. Clinicians who care for individuals who have sustained inhalation damage to their respiratory tract need to take a careful exposure history and be alert to possibilities of delayed effects and clinical ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Rabinowitz PM,Siegel MD

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Patients with MAC-PD and pre-existing lung disease are a distinct group from the more common and recently recognized group of predominantly middle- to older-aged women without pre-existing lung disease. Those with pre-existing disease are expected to have more sputum positivity and slower conversion of sputum with tre...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Aksamit TR

更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The authors' data show a higher rate of pleural and meningeal involvement among extrapulmonary TB cases than expected by previous works. Special attention should be given to tuberculous meningitis cases among all extrapulmonary TB cases because of its high mortality rate. The most common extrapulmonary involvement is ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Ozbay B,Uzun K

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Leptospirosis is a worldwide disease. In this time of globalization knowledge about leptospirosis is important. Although pulmonary involvement has an incidence varying from 20% to 70% and its exteriorization may vary from mild to severe, The severe form appears to be becoming more prevalent (at least in Brazil) and ma...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Carvalho CR,Bethlem EP

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite complete resection of what seems to be all evident tumor, one third to three quarters of patients with stages I and II NSCLC ultimately succumb to this neoplasm. Patients who are cured of an original NSCLC or small cell cancer remain at risk for a new primary lung cancer. Although the importance of lifelong su...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Tanoue LT,Ponn RB

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The specialty has the knowledge and technology to change the outcome of lung cancer. Lung cancer, diagnosed in early stages, is as curable as all other cancers. Sputum cytology is the initial step in diagnosing roentgenographically occult lung cancer. Sputum cytology is complementary to CT scanning. Sputum cytology id...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Petty TL,Tockman MS,Palcic B

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is used extensively by pulmonary specialists to address two common clinical questions: (1) What is the risk of a postoperative pulmonary complication in an individual with lung disease? and (2) Will the patient be able to tolerate lung resection surgery? Today, there are numerous tests...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Powell CA,Caplan CE

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With the rare exceptions of PAH associated with antiphospholipid antibodies, genetic platelet dysfunction, or inherited deficiencies of antithrombotic pathways, the thrombotic lesions are secondary, but frequently occurring, in most cases of primary or secondary PAH. Pulmonary arterial hypertension is associated with ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Herve P,Humbert M,Sitbon O,Parent F,Nunes H,Legal C,Garcia G,Simonneau G

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent progress in medical therapies has diminished the role of transplantation in the management of PPH during the past decade. Drug therapy is not effective in some patients, responses to therapy are not sustained over time in others, and drug side effects eventually limit the benefits of treatment in a few more. Lu...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Trulock EP

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This article gives a broad overview of the increasingly important applications of bronchoscopy, flexible (FOB) and rigid (RB), in a modern medical intensive care unit. Special emphasis is made to bronchoscopy use in mechanically ventilated patients. Therapies such as endobronchial stenting and Nd:YAG laser are being u...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Raoof S,Mehrishi S,Prakash UB

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:With the performance of more endoscopic procedures and newly developed diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, a wealth of information around the actual procedure is created. To date, accepted guidelines for standardized documentation are lacking. The authors present recommendations for minimal guidelines that may help...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Ernst A,Becker HD

更新日期：2001-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypoxemia is a prevalent problem in the chronically critically ill patient. This article reviews the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypoxemia in this patient population, discusses how oxygenation is evaluated, and reviews methods for delivery of oxygen. Other topics directly related to oxygen use, such as oxygen toxic...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： White AC

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The long-term ventilated patient is at high risk for developing nosocomial pneumonia or tracheobronchitis. In general, the frequency of infection increases with the duration of mechanical ventilation, but the risk appears to be greatest in the first week of intubation. Although these types of infection are common and ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Ahmed QA,Niederman MS

更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanisms for exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are complex and multifaceted. Although ventilatory limitation caused by abnormal pulmonary function is a major contributor to this phenomenon, other factors may play an important role in limiting exercise. These other factors include depr...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Nici L

更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Since last reviewed in this forum, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of the acute inflammatory process and how it contributes to the development of ALI. As stated in the beginning of this article, it is not possible to even begin to review all the specific advances that have been made. Instead, ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Parsons PE

更新日期：2000-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In summary, bacterial organisms are clinically relevant contributors to asthma exacerbations, and have received much less attention than viruses in this process. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis have been linked to asthma exacerbations, particularly when sinusitis is present. ...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Kraft M

更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Smoking is overwhelmingly the major cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema worldwide. Additional risk factors for developing COPD are presented, along with the variables that govern cigarette smoke deposition in the lung. Major paradigms for the pathogenesis of COPD, including the protease-antiprotease and oxidant-...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Sethi JM,Rochester CL

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Tobacco dependency syndrome is an organic disease caused by chronic use of inhaled tobacco smoke. It is occasionally controlled by willpower alone, but often requires pharmacotherapy in conjunction with various techniques to manage the psychological manifestations. The two effective drugs are bupropion, which is an or...

journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine

authors： Lillington GA,Leonard CT,Sachs DP

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00